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Peroxisomes play a critical role in the detoxification of harmful substances within the cytoplasm. These small, membrane-bound organelles contain enzymes that facilitate various oxidative reactions, including the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, which is a byproduct of metabolic processes. Enzymes such as catalase in peroxisomes convert hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, thus neutralizing its potential toxicity.

The primary function of peroxisomes extends to the metabolism of reactive oxygen species, which are harmful byproducts of cellular respiration. By converting these substances into less harmful molecules, peroxisomes protect the cell from oxidative stress and contribute to overall cellular health.

In contrast, mitochondria are primarily known for energy production through cellular respiration, lysosomes are involved in the breakdown and recycling of cellular waste, and ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis. While all of these organelles perform vital functions in the cell, peroxisomes are specifically designated for detoxification activities, making them the correct answer to this question.