What are membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids called?

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids are called glycolipids. Glycolipids play crucial roles in maintaining the structure of cell membranes and are involved in cell recognition, signaling, and communication processes. These molecules consist of a carbohydrate attached to a lipid tail, which can help facilitate interactions with other cells and the extracellular environment.

In contrast, glycoproteins, which are also significant in cell functions, consist of carbohydrates linked to proteins rather than lipids. Transport proteins are integral membrane proteins that assist in moving substances across the membrane, while aquaporins specifically facilitate water movement. Understanding the role of glycolipids in membrane structure and function is essential for comprehending broader cellular communication and interaction mechanisms.